论文的结构：
三段：Introduction+【Objective, Method, Results】+【Discussion&Conclusion】
Conclusion=Outroduciton
前后两段需用议论文思路写：
中间部分用说明文思路写
引言部分：
分为相互对应的两大段
分两段：
搭一座桥，联系读者与我们的论文，以读者已经接受的观念切入，逐步加入相关文献的未知内容，最后达到让读者认可我们的研究目标
模板：问题X的重要性已被学术界广泛认可。研究者A发现了。。研究者B发现了。。。基于这些理由我们认为回答问题C对解决问题X至关重要。
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are attracting an academic interest for their promising properties as structural materials.1 Particularly, the equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi HEAs have been reported to possess a wide-range of promising properties such as good high-temperature structural stability and an excellent balance between strength and ductility, particularly at cryogenic temperatures, typically 77 K, the liquid nitrogen temperature. Even though most HEAs have equiatomic or near equiatomic compositions, it is believed that the equiatomic composition would not be the optimum composition for a wide range of material properties.5–10 To improve a specific material property, one may have to change the alloy composition from the equiatomic composition. Indeed, there have been many efforts to improve the facecentered cubic (fcc) single-phase stability or mechanical properties of the CoCrFeMnNi HEAs by adjusting the composition. However, for an efficient alloy design, one would need to understand the reason for the typical HEA properties and the effect of individual elements on them. Sluggish diffusion,11–13 severe lattice distortion14 and microtwinning2–4,8,15 have been mentioned as probable reasons for the typical HEA properties. However, exact mechanisms for such structural reasons are not clearly known yet. For example, the variety of the surrounding atoms of each lattice site and the existence of low-energy sites that may serve as vacancy trap sites have been mentioned as a probable reason for the sluggish diffusion.11 However, the distribution and amount of such trap sites need further investigation. Similarly, the quantitative effect of severe lattice distortion on solid solution hardening is not known yet and the reason why the micro-twinning is activated, particularly at 77 K, has not been explained yet either. The fact that the physical metallurgical mechanisms related to individual properties are mostly not clarified limits wider industrial applications of HEAs, in addition to the high alloy costs, even with the good combination of engineering properties. The diffusion, strengthening and plastic deformation are all atomic-level materials phenomena that have origins on an atomic scale. Experimental analyses of atomic-level materials phenomena are not trivial, while large-scale atomistic simulation techniques based on semi-empirical interatomic potentials can be an efficient tool for atomic-scale analyses. A bottleneck in the atomistic simulation approach would be the availability of reliable interatomic potential for the relevant alloy systems. An atomistic simulation on a multicomponent alloy system requires at least interatomic potentials for all the constituent binary alloy systems. Recently, interatomic potentials for all constituent binary systems of the CoCrFeMnNi HEA system became available with a second nearest-neighbor modified embedded-atom method (2NN MEAM) potential formalism,16 as a result of a long-term research effort of the present authors’ group. The necessary unary and binary potential parameters were determined by fitting to known fundamental material properties of relevant materials and already published.17–24 Ternary parameters were given default assumed values in the present work to complete the interatomic potential for the five-component alloy system. Therefore, using atomistic simulation techniques based on the 2NN MEAM potential, the goal in the present study was to clarify fundamental reasons for sluggish diffusion and microtwining at cryogenic temperatures and to investigate the effect of individual elements on those properties as well as on solid solution hardening. We used a Canonical Monte Carlo (CMC) simulation, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and a 0 K molecular statics simulation to examine the equilibrium atomic.
如何从广泛的Problem中选择一个好的Question：
研究选题的三种途径：
好的研究课题
如何确立研究目标：
手头做的小事（block）与心中大事（building）结合起来，仰望天空与脚踏实地
明确长远目标时候关注市场需求——科学基金
如何做文献综述（review）：
两个基本点：
学：包括所有相关的主要文献——全、新、客观
思：
评判
分析
“六经注我”而非“我注六经”，注意阅读论文如何为自己的研究所用
阅读文献的两个阶段：
第一阶段（唯快不破）
下一阶段需对文献库进行精选和排序（注重根基）
文献阅读“三要”与“三不要”
三不要：
三个方法：
列表法
| 信息点1 | 信息点2 | |
|---|---|---|
| 文献A | ||
| 文献B |
使用方法/不同结论
画圈法：画graph LR，明确论证思路与结构
自加摘要法
如何“讲故事”——文章写作的故事逻辑
四个基本元素：
彼此组合法：
开门见山：QACS，QASC
冲击力：CSQA
文献分析的三种逻辑方法：
如何从文献出发得到自己的论点
为读者考虑，帮助读者理解，建立其自己的思想
拆分不同问题
第二段与第三段分别介绍正方观点与反方观点，第四段去打破这个平衡（大家都认为复杂，你认为简单；大家认为重要，你认为次要，因为有更重要的，主要在于切入角度不同，可以推翻过去的假设，发现其他人没有发发现的问题）
展现考虑问题的全面性和客观性但最后需点出自己的看法，从而影响读者的观点
如何用结构化思维构建文章
向下分类用MECE (Mutually Exclusive Collectively Exhaustive) 相互独立、完全穷尽
向上分类用最小容器法：共性作为容器容纳所有结果
结论：
三层的pyramid结构：以上三条一般为文章的小标题
简练文字，详实内容与层次，希望每个观点有不同方面的支撑（最少文字最多意思）
如何分解与精选研究目标：
找到核心矛盾——A--B
将核心矛盾转化为更容易解决的
将矛盾按pyramid模式分解，转化为要素的问题
通过文献检索细化研究目标
把Question分解为Concepts（提取关键概念），读课本/文献获取概念
搜索相似概念(A1 or A2 or A3) and (B1 or B2 or B3)
评估Key players
评估How many
may be used to further focus on the topic
如何具体地定义和描述我们的研究目标
有方向+有边界（方法+结论）
需要两句话（至少），一句定义我们的研究目标，一句定义研究目标对长远目的的贡献
如：确定变量A在某个条件下是否对变量B起作用，我们研究这个可促进对变量B的理解
明确指出本工作包括那些内容，对研究方法和可得出的结论需要有清楚认识（有边界，完成度）
常用词：
xxxxxxxxxxdetermine, estimate, identify, define, establish, collect, construct, creat, formulate
尽量不用的词：
xxxxxxxxxxstudy, investigate, hope, seek, try#不具体，没有边界，语气不强，不可信/不自信
Examples 1：
Weak——"Our objective is to study the effects of family environment and language skills on preparedness for kindergarten"
study强调动作本身而非结果
Stronger——"Our objective is to determine the key factors that predict success or failure in transition from preschool to kindergarten"
Example 2：
access whether ground penetrating radar and impact echo techniques can be used to detect structural defects in concrete."（只是验证一种假说，弱化了研究目标本来具有的例子）develop improved non-destructive diagnostic procedures for detection of delamination and void defects in reinforced concrete structure." (更好与目标结合)Example 3：
Example 4：
如何用写文献综述：
Example: The optimal container size in automated warehouse
如何使用批判性思维阅读文献：
客观评价（Why/How）——>是否可信（Validity & Reliability）
事实
观点（证据，逻辑）
批判别人（新信息）
主观判断（If）——>是否可用（Significance & Relevance）
批判自己（旧信息）
论文结果、讨论与结论的写作要点：
Results: 分类分层（突出关键，适当均衡）两个一致（内容与方法，描述与图表）
简练客观平实，少用转折，尽量用简单的语句。
突出有科学性与代表性数据
文字对图表进行凝练总结而非单纯重述
Discussion: 关键结果+文献+个人观点
三个比较：预期目标+相关文献（创新点）+长远目标（实际贡献，理论意义，实践价值，推广可能）
imply/indicate/suggest
有逻辑，不要重复描述所有结果，有选择地对重要结果进行演绎推理得出有意义的推论
Conclusion: Summary of Discussion
两个要点：突出亮点，指明方向
有时候研究目标/研究方法很亮眼时候需复述，总之需突出创新点
讨论与结论的逻辑架构：
方法-结果 应当一一对应
补充文献结果和总结关键结果，整理为不同证据来提供多条理由（讨论部分） 段落间须有逻辑关联
递进：In addition,furthermore
因果：Therefore,Thus,As a result
转折：However,On the other hand
反思使用方法+结果+讨论 回归到结论（结论部分）
先写重要结论，一个段落，一个结论，段落主题句为此结论的总结
逻辑：归纳逻辑（一一罗列），演绎逻辑（开头提出文献的某种理论和本实验结果，得出结果）
结果——头脑风暴——初步结论——完善逻辑
讨论和结论的四个方向及句型实例
主题拓展：
解释（interpretations）：Why Results
对研究目标的实现
对意外结果的解读
解释与提炼规律：
indicate/show/suggest/confirm that ...suggest a possibility of ...found/identified that ...explain why ...说明与其他研究的关系：
consistent with ...agree with those reported by ... et al., who ...differ from ...Unlike ... et al., We observed that ...延伸（Implications）：So what
对长远目标的贡献
指出研究的创新性：
new strategy to treat ...strength of this study was ...special as it not only ..., but also ...for the first time that ...指出研究发现的意义/影响：
serve as a proof-of-concept that ...provide additional support for .../add to the accumulating evidence that suggests .../support the promise that ...be useful in .../will allow us to take the nest step in ...Adaptation of this study to other ... could result in ...likely/proabilable/possible,would/could/might侧向补强：
局限（Limitations）：
目标的局限
方法的局限
结果的局限
However, none of these approaches to date holds the ... 转折要慎用建议（Recommendations）：
与长远目标的距离
further ...further ...Further study was warranted so that ...Additional studies are needed to confirm ...next step is to ...further detection of ... is ...
(updating)